DOIS CONCEITOS DE LEGITIMIDADE CONSTITUCIONAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25192/ISSN.1982-0496.RDFD.V.28.N.II.2609Resumo
O que legitima as constituições? Uma resposta padrão é que as constituições são legítimas apenas se representarem o povo que governa. Este artigo identifica duas concepções diferentes de representação. A representação pode ser fundamentada no consentimento ou na vontade do os cidadãos ou quando a constituição reflete a identidade “real” dos membros da nação. Alternativamente, às vezes afirma-se que a constituição é legítima porque promove justiça ou, mais geralmente, é fundamentada na razão. Enquanto as constituições são tipicamente fundamentadas tanto em reivindicações de representar o povo quanto em reivindicações relativas à justiça e sabedoria de as disposições constitucionais, estabelecemos que existem dois tipos de constituições: constituições que são principalmente representativas (por exemplo, a Constituição dos EUA) e constituições que são principalmente baseadas na razão (por exemplo, a Constituição alemã). Também mostramos que essa distinção tem ramificações importantes sobre como as constituições são redigidas e ratificadas e como elas operam. Uma implicação central é que a legitimidade das constituições que tornam os fracos reivindicações de representação – por exemplo, constituições que são impostas por potências estrangeiras – ainda pode ser defendida com base na razão.
Downloads
Referências
ABLONCZY, Bálint, Conversations on the Fundamental Law of Hungary: Interviews with József Szájer, Hungarian Member of European Parliament, and Gergely Gulyás, Member of Parliament in Hungary. Budapest: Elektromédia, 2012
ACKERMAN, Bruce A. “The Storrs Lectures: Discovering the Constitution.” The Yale Law Journal, vol. 93, no. 6, 1984, pp. 1013–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/796204.
ACKERMAN, Bruce A. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
ADAMS, John, ‘Thoughts on Government’, in HYNEMAN, Charles S.; LUTZ, Donald S. (eds). American Political Writing During the Founding Era: 1760–1805. vol. I. Washington, DC, 1983
ALBERT, Richard; CONTIADES, Xenophon; FOTIADOU, Alkmene. The Legitimacy of Internationally Imposed Constitution-making in the Context of State Building, London: Routledge, 2018
AMAR, Akhil Reed, The Bill of Rights as a Constitution. V. 100.Yale Law Journal, 1991
AOLÁIN, Fionnuala Ní. The Fractured Soul of the Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis. Michigan Journal of International Law, 1998
ARATO, Andrew. “Redeeming the Still Redeemable: Post Sovereign Constitution Making.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. 22, n. 4, 2009, pp. 427–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25621939.
BEETHAM, David, The Legitimation of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1991.
BELLAH, Robert Neelly. Civil Religion in America. Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1967
BORK, Robert, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law. New York: The Free Press, 1990.
CHOUDHRY, Sujit (ed). The Migration of Constitutional Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009
CHOUDHRY, Sujit. Old Imperial Dilemmas and the New Nation-Building: Constitutive Constitutional Politics in Multinational Polities, Connecticut Law Review, 2005
COHEN-ELIYA. Moshe; PORAT, Iddo. Proportionality and Constitutional Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
COLÓN-RÍOS, Joel, Constituent Power and the Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020.
CURRIE, David P. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995
DAN, Philip; AL-ALI, Zaid. The internationalized Pouvoir Constituant: Constitution-making Under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations, 2006
DELAHUNTY, Robert J.; YOO, John. Against Foreign Law. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2005
DI FABIO, Udo. ‘The Significance of Germany’s Basic Law’. Disponível em: https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-the-significance-of-germanys-basic-law/a-, 2019
DORFMAN, Avihay; HAREL, Alon. ‘Law as Standing’. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Law, 2021
EASTERBROOK, Frank H., Foreign Sources and the American Constitution. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2006
ELKINS, Zachary et al. The Citizen Founder: Public Participation in Constitutional Approval. Temple Law Review. V. 81, nº 2, 2008
ESTLUND, David. Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009
FALLON, Richard H. “Legitimacy and the Constitution.” Harvard Law Review, vol. 118, no. 6, 2005, pp. 1787–853. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093285.
FELDMAN, Noah. Imposed Constitutions. Connecticut Law Review, 2005
FRIEDRICH, Carl J. Rebuilding the German Constitution, II. The American Political Science Review, vol. 43, n. 4, 1949, pp. 704–20. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1951085.
GALLIGAN, Denis; VERSTEEG, Mila (eds). The Social & Political Foundations of Constitutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
GARDNER, John, ‘Dagan and Dorfman on the Value of Private Law’. Columbia Law Review, 2017.
GIBSON, James L., et al. “On the Legitimacy of National High Courts.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 92, n. 2, 1998, pp. 343–58. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2585668.
GINSBURG, Tom; VERSTEEG, Mila. Why Do Countries Adopt Constitutional Review? (September 2, 2013). Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper, 2013. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2319363
GOSSERIES, Axel, The Intergenerational Case for Constitutional Rigidity. V. 27, n.º 4, Ratio Juris, 2014.
HAREL, Alon. KOLT, Noam, ‘Populist Rhetoric, False Mirroring, and the Courts’ Populist rhetoric, false mirroring, and the courts, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Volume 18, Issue 3, October 2020, Pages 746–766, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa055
HARTWIG, Matthias, ‘What Legitimises a National Constitution? On the Importance of international Embedding’, in VON BOGDANDY, Armin; SONNEVEND, Pál (eds), Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area: Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. New York: Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2015
HASEBE, Yasuo, Constitutional Borrowing and Political Theory. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2003
HENKIN, Louis. “Rights: American and Human.” Columbia Law Review, vol. 79, no. 3, 1979, pp. 405–25. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1121801.
HUCKO, Elmar (ed). The Democratic Tradition: Four German Constitutions. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1988
JACKSON, Vicki C. Constitutional Engagement in a Transnational Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
JACKSON, Vicki C. “Constitutional Comparisons: Convergence, Resistance, Engagement.” Harvard Law Review, vol. 119, no. 1, 2005, pp. 109–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093561.
JACKSON, Vicki C. Constituent Power” or Degrees of Legitimacy? ICL Journal, v. 12, nº. 3, 2018, pp. 319-344. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1515/icl-2018-0068
JACOBSOHN, Gary Jeffrey.; ROZNAI, Yaniv. Constitutional Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020
KAHN, Paul W. “Reason and Will in the Origins of American Constitutionalism.” The Yale Law Journal, vol. 98, no. 3, 1989, pp. 449–517. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/796627.
KEIL, Soeren; NIKOLIĆ, Dragana. The Europeanization of National Constitutions in South East Europe: A Comparison between Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Southeastern Europe, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03801004
KOMMERS, Donald P., Book Review: The Democratic Tradition: Four German Constitutions. German Politics & Society, 1989
KOSTAL, R. W. Laying Down the Law: The American Legal Revolutions in Occupied Germany and Japan. Harvard University Press, 2019. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnwc05m.
LANDAU, David; LERNER, Hanna (eds). Comparative Constitution Making. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2019
LAW, David S.; VERSTEEG, Mila. “The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism.” California Law Review, vol. 99, n. 5, 2011, pp. 1163–257. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41345383.
LAW, David, ‘Imposed Constitutions and Romantic Constitutions’, in ALBERT, Richard; CONTIADES, Xenophon; FOTIADOU, Alkmene (eds), The Law and Legitimacy of Imposed Constitutions. Londres:Routledge, 2019
LOUGHLIN, Martin. ‘The Concept of Constituent Power’. European Journal of Political Theory, 2014
MAGYARORSZÁG, Alaptörvénye. The Fundamental Law of Hungary. Alaptörvény, Foundation. Disponível em: https://njt.hu/translated/doc/TheFundamentalLawofHungary_20190101_FIN.pdf.
MCCONELL, Michael W. "Textualism and the Dead Hand of the Past," 66 George Washington Law Review, nº 1127, 1997
MCGINNIS, John. ‘Foreign to Our Constitution’. Northwestern University Law Review, 2006
MCMASTER, John Bach; STONE, Frederick D. (eds). Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787–88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).
MICHELMAN, Frank I. “Constitutional Legitimation for Political Acts.” The Modern Law Review, vol. 66, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–15. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1097546.
MIKLÓSSY, Katalin; NYYSSÖNEN, Heino. Defining the New Polity: Constitutional Memory in Hungary and Beyond. V. 26, n. 3. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2018.1498775
MURKENS, Jo Eric Khushal. From Empire to Union: Conceptions of German Constitutional Law Since 1871. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
MURPHY, Mark, "Theological Voluntarism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Disponível em: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/voluntarism-theological/
Nichol, Gene R. “Toward a People’s Constitution.” California Law Review, vol. 91, no. 2, 2003, pp. 621–39. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3481340.
OELLERS-FRAHM, Karin, Restructuring Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Model with Pit-Falls. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 2005
ONU. United Nations, Guidance Note of the Secretary-General; United Nations Assistance to Constitution-Making Processes (April 2009). Disponível em: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4016589/files/1379277EN.pdf
ORGAD, Liav. The preamble in constitutional interpretation. International Journal of Constitutional Law. V. 8, n. 4, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor010
PAP, András László. Illiberalism as Constitutional Identity: The Case of Hungary. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies. V. 59, n.º 4, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2018.59.4.4
Paul Kahn has argued that this happened in the US context. See Kahn (n 9) 450.
PERJU, Vlad. ‘Constitutional Transplants, Borrowing, and Migrations’, in ROSENFELD, Michel; SAJÓ, András (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012
PERRY, Barbara A. Constitutional Johnny Appleseeds: American Consultants and the Drafting of Foreign Constitutions. Albany Law Review, 1992
PITKIN, Hanna Fenichel. “The Idea of a Constitution.” Journal of Legal Education, vol. 37, no. 2, 1987, pp. 167–69. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42892886.
POSNER, Richard A., Foreword: A Political Court. Chicago: Harvard Law Review, 2005
RAKOVE, Jack N., Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution. New York: Vintage, 1996.
RAZ, Joseph, ‘On the Authority and the Interpretation of Constitutions: Some Preliminaries’, in ALEXANDER, Larry (ed), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
RAZ, Joseph, The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
RAZ, Joseph. Between Authority and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009
RAZ, Joseph. The Morality of Law. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986
RAZ, Joseph. The Problem of Authority: Revisiting the Service Conception. MINN. L. REV. 1003 (2006). Disponível em: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_ scholarship/ 752
ROZNAI, Yaniv, Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments – the Limits of Amendment Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017
RUBENFELD, Jed. Freedom and Time: A Theory of Constitutional Self-Government. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
RUBINELLI, Lucia, Constituent Power: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020
SAPIR, Gideon, The Israeli Constitution: From Evolution to Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
SAUNDERS, Cheryl Anne, Constitution Making in the 21st Century (April 16, 2013). International Review of Law, V. 4, n. 630, 2012. Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2252294
SCHAUER, Frederick. On the Migration of Constitutional Ideas, Connecticut Law Review, 2005
SU, Anna. Exporting Freedom: Religious Liberty and American Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 )
TAMANAHA, Brian Z. “The Lessons of Law-and-Development Studies.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 89, n. 2, 1995, pp. 470–86. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2204226.
TREMMEL, Joerg (ed). The Handbook of Intergenerational Justice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006
WALDRON, Jeremy. Law and Disagreement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
WALLIS, Joanne. Constitution Making During State Building. Cabmbridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014
WHITTINGTON, Keith E. Constitutional Interpretation: Textual Meaning, Original Intent, and Judicial Review. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Alon Harel, Adam SHINAR
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais, dos artigos publicados na Revista, são do autor e da RDFD com os direitos de primeira publicação para a Revista. Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, com aplicações educacionais e não comerciais, de acordo com o creative commons.
