DO DOMÍNIO AUTORITÁRIO MILITAR PARA A DEMOCRACIA CONSTITUCIONAL: UMA VISÃO GERAL DAS POLÍTICAS DE DIREITOS HUMANOS ATRAVÉS DA REDEMOCRATIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA

Autores/as

  • Ulisses Terto Neto University of Aberdeen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25192/issn.1982-0496.rdfd.v22i3832

Palabras clave:

Human Rights, Democracy, Spiral Model of Human Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism

Resumen

Resumo

 

O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas realizadas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito e no Centro para Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado Democrático de Direito (CISRUL) da Universidade de Aberdeen no Reino Unido, tem como escopo principal analisar o processo histórico e sócio-político brasileiro de transformações de direitos humanos durante a saída do país do domínio autoritário militar e sua chegada à democracia constitucional, sob a perspectiva da teoria do modelo espiral de mudança de direitos humanos (spiral model) desenvolvida por Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). Além disso, com base no conceito de autoritarismo social desenvolvido por Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), o artigo explica porque apesar de o Brasil ter se transformado em uma democracia constitucional, há ainda um cenário generalizado de violações de direitos humanos no país. Por fim, o artigo argui pela necessidade de se mudar as bases materiais da sociedade brasileira, de forma a possibilitar a construção de um novo projeto de sociedade, mais igualitária e na qual haja a efetivação dos direitos humanos.

 

Palavras-chave: Direitos Humanos; Democracia; Teoria de Mudança de Direitos Humanos em Espiral (Spiral Model); Autoritarismo Social.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

ABRAMOVAY, Miriam et al, Juventude, Violência e Vulnerabilidade Social na América Latina: Desafios para Políticas públicas (Edições UNESCO BRASIL, 2002).

ADORNO, Sérgio, ‘Exclusão socioeconômica e violência urbana’ [2002]. Sociologias n. 8, pp. 84-135.

ALEXY, Robert, ‘Direitos Fundamentais no Estado Constitucional Democrático’ [1999] R. Dir. Adm. 217, pp. 55-66.

AMARAL, Oswaldo, ‘Adaptação e Resistencia: o PT no Governo Lula entre 2003 e 2008’, [2010] Revista Brasileira de Ciência Politica 4, pp. 105-134.

AMORIM, Celso, ‘Brazilian Foreign Policy under President Lula (2003-2010): an Overview’, [2010] Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 53, pp. 214-240.

ARNS, Paulo Evaristo (ed.). Brasil: Nunca Mais (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1985).

AVRITZER, Leonardo, ‘Civil society in Latin America in the twenty-first century: between democratic deepening, social fragmentation, and state crisis’, in FEINBERG, Richard, WAISMAN, Carlos H., and ZAMOSC, Leon (eds.), Civil society and democracy in Latin America (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

AZEVEDO, Antônio Junqueira de, ‘Caracterização Jurídica da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana’ [2002] RT/Fasc. Civ. Vol 797, pp. 11-26.

BALÁN, Manuel, ‘Surviving corruption in Brazil: Lula's and Dilma's success despite corruption allegations, and its consequences’ [2014] Journal of Politics in Latin America, Vol. 3, pp. 67-94.

BALIBAR, Etienne, Nous, citoyens d’Europe? Les frontieres, l’Etat, le peuple (La Decouverte, 2001).

BARCELLOS, Ana Paula de, A Eficácia Jurídica dos Princípios Constitucionais: o Principio da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana (Renovar, 2002).

BARROSO, Luís Roberto, O Direito Constitucional e a Efetividade de suas Normas: Limites e Possibilidades da Constituição Brasileira (Renovar, 2003).

BENAYON, Adriano, Globalização versus Desenvolvimento (São Paulo: Ed. Escrituras, 2005).

BRINKS, Daniel M., The Judicial Response to Police Killings in Latin America: Inequality and the Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2008).

BRITTO, Antônio and CUNHA, Luís Claudio, Assim Morreu Tancredo (Porto Alegre: L & PM, 1985).

BRYSK, Alison, Speaking Rights to Power: Constructing Political Will (Oxford University Press, 2013).

_____________, Global Good Samaritans: Human Rights as Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 2009).

_____________, Human Rights and Private Wrongs: Constructing Global Civil Society (Routledge, 2005).

_____________, Globalization and Human Rights (University of California Press, 2002).

_____________, From Tribal Village to Global Village: Indian Rights and International Relations in Latin America (Stanford University Press, 2000).

_____________, The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization (Stanford University Press, 1994).

_____________, ‘From Above and Below: Social Movements, the International System, and Human Rights in Argentina’, [1993] Comparative Political Studies 26 (3): 259-285.

BUENO, Eduardo, Brasil: Uma História - Cinco Séculos de Um País em Construção (Leya, 2010).

CAMPOS, Raymundo Carlos Bandeira, Estudos de História: moderna e contemporânea (Atual, 1988).

CARBONARI, Paulo César, ‘Direitos Humanos no Brasil: uma leitura da situação em perspectiva’ In Daniel Rech (ed), Direitos Humanos no Brasil 2: diagnósticos e perspectivas (CERIS/Mauad X 2007).

CLARK, John, COLL, Kathleen, DAGNINO, Evelina, and NEVEU, Catherine, Disputing Citizenship (Policy Press, 2014).

CORREA, Luiz Felipe de Seixas, A palavra do Brasil nas Nações Unidas: 1946-1995 (FUNAG, 1995).

DAI, Xinyuan, ‘The “compliance gap” and the efficacy of international human rights institutions’, in RISSE, Thomas, ROPP, Stephen C., and SIKKINK, Kathryn (eds), The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

DAGNINO, Evelina and TEIXEIRA, Ana Claudia Chaves, ‘The Participation of Civil Society in Lula’s Government’ [2014] Journal of Politics in Latin America 3, pp. 39-66.

DAGNINO, Evelina, OLVERA, Alberto J. and PANFICHI, Aldo (eds.), A Disputa pela Construção Democrática na América Latina (Paz e Terra, 2006).

DAGNINO, Evelina, ‘Civic driven change and political projects’, in Alan Fowler and Kees Bierkhart (eds.), Civic driven change. Citizen’s imagination in action (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 2008).

_______________, ‘Conceptualizing culture: a perspective from the South’, [2008] Cultural Processes Newsletter of the Research Network Sociology of Culture, European Sociological Association, vol 1 (August), pp. 18-23.

_______________, ‘Dimensions of Citizenship in Contemporary Brazil’ [2007] Fordham Law Review, Vol 75, Issue 5, pp. 2469-2482.

_______________, ‘Citizenship: a perverse confluence’ [2007] Development in Practice, Vol. 17, No 4/5, pp. 549-556.

_______________, ‘“We all have rights but …”: contesting conceptions of citizenship in Brazil’, in KABEER, Naila (ed.), Inclusive Citizenship. Meaning and expressions of citizenship (Zed Books, 2005), pp. 147-63.

_______________, ‘Os movimentos sociais e a construção da democracia no Brasil: Tendências recentes’ [2001] JILAS – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 7:1, July, pp. 75-104.

_______________, ‘Cultura, Cidadania e Democracia: a transformacao dos discursos e praticas na esquerda latino-americana’, in Sonia E. Alvarez et al (Eds.), Cultura e Politica nos Movimentos Sociais Latino-Americanos: novas leituras (UFMG, 2000).

_______________, ‘Culture, Citizenship, and Democracy: Changing Discourses and Practices of the Latin American Left’ in ALVAREZ, Sonia E., DAGNINO, Evelina and ESCOBAR, Arturo (eds.), Culture of Politics, Politics of Culture: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements (Westview Press, 1998).

_______________, ‘Os Movimentos Sociais e a Emergência de uma Nova Noção de Cidadania’ in DAGNINO, Evelina (ed.), Anos 90: Política e Sociedade no Brasil (Editora Brasiliense, 1994).

_______________, ‘An Alternative World Order and the Meaning of Democracy’ in BRECHER, Jeremy, CHILDS, John Brown, and CUTLER, Jill (eds.), Global Visions: Beyond the New World Order (South End Press, 1993).

DAVIS, Diane E. and PEREIRA, Anthony W. (eds.), Irregular Armed Forces and their Role in Politics and State Formation (Cambridge University Press, 2003).

DE PAULA, Marilene (org), Nunca Antes na Historia desse Pais? Um Balanço das Politicas do Governo Lula (Fundação Heinrich Böll, 2011).

DEL PRIORI, Mary and VENÂNCIO, Renato, Uma Breve História do Brasil (Planeta do Brasil, 2010).

DORIA, Palmério, Honoráveis Bandidos: um retrato do Brasil na era Sarney (Geração Editorial, 2009).

FARMER, Paul, ‘An Anthropology of Structural Violence’ [2004] Current Anthropology, Vol. 45, No. 3 (June), pp. 305-325.

FENWICK, Tracy Beck, ‘Avoiding Governors: The Success of Bolsa Família’, [2009] Latin American Research Review 44 (1), pp. 102-131.

FINNEMORE, Martha and SIKKINK, Kathryn, ‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change’, in LANDMAN, Todd (ed.), Human Rights Volume IV (SAGE, 2010).

FLYNN, Peter, ‘Brazil: the Politics of the Cruzado Plan’, [1986] Third World Quartely 8(4), pp. 1151-1194.

GALTUNG, Johan, ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’ [1969] Journal of Peace Research 6, pp. 167-191.

GASPARI, Élio, Ditadura Derrotada, A – vol. 3 (Companhia das Letras, 2003).

GOÉS, Walter de and CAMARGO, Aspásia, O Drama da Sucessão e a Crise do Regime (Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1984).

GONÇALVES, Maria de Fatima da Costa, A reinvenção do Maranhão Dinástico (Edições UFMA, 2000).

GOHN, Maria da Gloria and BRINGEL, Breno M. (eds.), Movimentos sociais na era global (Editora Vozes, 2012).

GOHN, Maria da Gloria, História dos movimentos sociais no Brasil: a construção da cidadania dos brasileiros (Edições Loyola, 2012).

___________________, Teorias dos Movimentos Sociais: paradigmas clássicos e contemporaneos (Loyola, 1997).

GOODMAN, Ryan and JINKS, Derek, `International Law and State Socialization: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenges` [2005] Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54: 983-998.

_______________________________, `How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law` [2004] Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 621-703.

_______________________________, `Toward an Institutional Theory of Sovereignty` [2003] Stanford Law Review, Vol. 55: 1749-1788.

GRAMSCI, Antônio, Escritos políticos (volume I) (Civilização Brasileira, 2004).

GUDAVARTHY, Ajay, ‘Introduction: Why Interrogate Political Society?’, in Ajay Gudavarthy (ed.), Re-framing Democracy and Agency in India: Interrogating Political Society (Anthem Press, 2012).

GULLO, Álvaro de Aquino e Silva, ‘Violência urbana: um problema social’ [1998] Tempo soc., vol. 10, n. 1, pp. 105-119.

GUPTA, Akhil, Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India (Duke University Press, 2012).

HALL, Anthony, ‘From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social Policies and Poverty Alleviation under Lula’, [2006] Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (4), pp. 689-709.

HAFNER-BURTON, Emilie M., ‘Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the HR Enforcement Problem’, [2008] International Organization 62, pp 689-716.

HUNTER, Wendy and POWER, Timothy J., ‘Rewarding Lula: Executive Power, Social Policy, and the Brazilian Elections of 2006’. [2007] Latin American Politics and Society 49 (1), pp. 1-30.

ISIN, Engin, Being Political: Genealogies of citizenship (University of Minnesota Press, 2002).

JETSCHKE, Anja and LIESE, Andrea, ‘The power of human rights a decade after: from euphoria to contestation’, in RISSE, Thomas, ROPP, Stephen C., and SIKKINK, Kathryn (eds), The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

KOH, Harold Hongju, ‘Review Essay: Why Do Nations Obey International Law?’, in

LANDMAN, Todd (ed.), Human Rights Volume 1 (SAGE, 2010), pp. 311-377.

LANDMAN, Todd and LARIZZA, Marco, ‘Inequality and Human Rights: Who Controls What, When, and How’ [2009] International Studies Quarterly 53, pp. 715-736.

LANDMAN, Todd, ‘Review Article: The Political Science of Human Rights’ [2005] British Journal of Political Science 35, pp. 549-572.

LIBY, Martin, ‘Grabbing hand: Corruption in Lula's government’ [2006] Harvard International Review vol: 27 iss: 4, pp. 9-10.

LUNA, Francisco Vidal and KLEIN, Herbert S., Brazil since 1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

MARGHERITIS, Ana and PEREIRA, Anthony W., ‘The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative’ [2007] Latin American Perspectives, 34, pp. 25-48.

MARTINS FILHO, Ives Gandra, História do Brasil: Resumo Esquemático (LTR Editora, 2011).

McCANN, Bryan, The Throes of Democracy: Brazil since 1989 (Zed Books, 2008).

MEADE, Teresa A., A Brief History of Brazil (Facts on File, 2010).

MOSER, Caroline O. N. and MCILWAINE, Cathy, ‘Latin American Urban Violence as a Development Concern: Towards a Framework for Violence Reduction’, [2006] World Development 34, No. 1, pp. 89-112.

MENDES, Gilmar Ferreira, COELHO, Inocêncio Mártires, and BRANCO, Paulo Gustavo Gonet Branco, Curso de Direito Constitucional (Saraiva 2008).

MOYN, Samuel, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010).

NERI, Marcelo, A Nova Classe Média: O Lado Brilhante da Base da Pirâmide (FGV and Saraiva, 2012).

O’DONNELL, Guillermo and SCHMITTER, Philippe, Political Life After Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Transitions (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

OEA. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Report on the situation of human rights in Brazil 1997 / Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.97 GENERAL SECRETARIAT.WASHINGTON, D.C. 2006 Internet: http://www.cidh.org. Doc. 29 rev. 1. 29 September 1997, paragraph 9. Organization of American States (OAS)<http://www.oas.org/en/> accessed 10 April 2016.

OLIVEIRA, Francisco, ‘Privatização do público, destituição da fala e anulação da política: o totalitarismo neoliberal’ In Francisco Oliveira and Maria Célia Paoli (eds), Os sentidos da democracia: políticas do dissenso e hegemonia global (Petrópolis: Vozes 1999).

OLVERA, Alberto and AVRITZER, Leonardo, ‘El concepto de sociedad civil en el estudio de la transición democratica’ [1992] Revista Mexicana de Sociológia, vol. 54, n. 4, pp. 227-248.

Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative-OHPI (2015). “Brazil Country Briefing”, Multidimensional Poverty Index Data Bank. OPHI, University of Oxford, December. Available at OPHI accessed 11 April 2016.

OSIEL, Mark, ‘The Making of Human Rights Policy in Argentina: The Impact of Ideas and Interests on a Legal Conflict’, [1986] Journal of Latin American Studies 18: 135-178.

PACE, Gerald Robert, ‘Human Rights from Paper to Practice: How Far Have We Come?’, [2001] Human Rights & Human Welfare, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 9-11.

PAIVA, Paulo, ‘Lula’s Political Economy: Changes and Challenges’, [2006] Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 6, pp. 196-215.

PANIZZA, Francisco, ‘Neopopulism and its limits in Collor’s Brazil’, [2000] Bulletin of Latin American Research 19, pp. 177-192.

PARANÁ, Denise. Lula: o Filho do Brasil (Perseu Abramo, 2009).

PEREIRA, Anthony W., ‘Economic Underdevelopment, Democracy and Civil Society: The North-East Brazilian Case’ [1993] Third World Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1993), pp. 365-380, 370.

___________________, ‘Working for Democracy: Brazil's Organized Working Class in Comparative Perspective’ [1996] International Labor and Working-Class History No. 49, pp. 93-115, 102.

___________________, ‘"Persecution and Farce": The Origins and Transformation of Brazil's Political Trials, 1964-1979’ [1998] Latin American Research Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 43-66.

___________________, ‘Virtual Legality: Authoritarian Legacies and the Reform of Military Justice in Brazil, the Southern Cone, and Mexico’ [2001] Comparative Political Studies 34, pp. 555-574.

___________________, ‘Military Justice Before and After September 11’ [2002] Constellations Vol. 9, No 4, pp. 477-491.

___________________, ‘Explaining Judicial Reform Outcomes in New Democracies: The Importance of Authoritarian Legalism in Argentina, Brazil and Chile’ [2003] Human Rights Review, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 3-16, 7.

___________________, ‘Brazil’s Agrarian Reform: Democratic Innovation or Oligarchic Exclusion Redux?’ [2003] Latin American Politics and Society, 45:2, pp. 41-65, page 41-42.

___________________, ‘Political Justice under Authoritarian Regimes in Argentina, Brazil and Chile’ [2003] Human Rights Review, Vol 4, No. 2, pp. 27-47.

___________________, Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina (University of Pettsburgh Press, 2005).

___________________, ‘The Dialectics of the Brazilian Military Regime’s Political Trials’ [2005] Luso-Brazilian Review Vol. 41, No 02, pp. 162-183.

PERES, M. F. T., ‘Prevenção e Controle: Oposição ou Complementaridade para a Redução da Violência?’, [2002], Revista Ciência e Cultura, SBPC, Ano 54 nº 1, pp. 54-55, 54.

PICQ, Manuela Lavinas, The Politics of Human Rights in Brazil: Imposition of Norms From Without or Innovation From Within? (PhD International Studies Dissertation, December 2004, University of Miami).

PINHEIRO, P. S. and ALMEIRA, G. A., Violência Urbana (Publifolha, 2003).

PIOVESAN, Flavia, Direitos Humanos e o Direito Constitucional Internacional (Editora Saraiva, 2008).

POWER, Timothy J., ‘Brazilian Democracy as a later Bloomer: Reevaluating the Regime in the Cardoso-Lula Era [2010] Latin American Research Review Vol. 45, Special Issue: Living in Actually Existing Democracies, pp. 218-247.

RENNO, Lucio R., ‘Escândalos e voto: as eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2006’ [2007] Opin. Publica [online], vol. 13, n. 2, pp. 260-282.

RISSE, Thomas, ROPP, Stephen C., and SIKKINK, Kathryn (eds), The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

________________________________________________________, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge University Press, 1999).

RISSE, Thomas and SIKKINK, Kathryn, ‘The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: introduction’, in RISSE, Thomas, ROPP, Stephen C., and SIKKINK, Kathryn (eds), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge University, 1999).

ROPP, Stephen C. And SIKKINK, Kathryn, ‘International norms and domestic politics in Chile and Guatemala’, in RISSE, Thomas, ROPP, Stephen C., and SIKKINK, Kathryn (eds), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge University, 1999).

SEMERARO, Giovanni, Gramsci e a sociedade civil: cultura e educação para a democracia (Vozes, 1999).

SIKKINK, Kathryn, ‘Transnational Politics, International Relations Theory, and Human Rights’, in LANDMAN, Todd (ed.), Human Rights Volume IV (SAGE, 2010).

______________, The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics (W.W. Norton & Company, 2011).

______________, Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America (Cornell University Press, 2004).

______________, ‘Human Rights, Principled Issue Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America’, [1993] International Organization 47 (3): 411-441.

SILVA, José Afonso da, ‘A Dignidade da Pessoa Humana como Valor Supremo da Democracia’, [1998] Revista de Direito Administrativo, v. 212, pp. 84-94.

SILVA, Sandro Dutra e, MOURA, Talliton Tulio Rocha Leonel de, and CAMPOS, Francisco Itami, ‘A terra dos coronéis no Oeste do Brasil: A cattle frontier, violência e dominação fundiária no Cerrado goiano’ [2015] Topoi (Rio J.) vol.16, n. 30, pp. 234-259.

SILVA, Jorge Vieira da, ‘A verdadeira paz: desafio do Estado democrático’ [2002] São Paulo Perspec., vol.16, n. 2, pp. 36-43.

SILVEIRA, Vladimir Oliveira da and MEYER-PFLUG, Samantha Ribeiro, ‘Tratados de Direitos Humanos e a evolução jurisprudencial do Supremo Tribunal Federal’, in BAEZ, Narciso Leandro Xavier, BRANCO, Gerson Luiz Carlos, and PORCIÚNCULA, Marcelo, A Problemática dos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais na América Latina e na Europa – Desafios materias e eficaciais (UNOESC, 2012).

SIMIONATTO, Ivete, Gramsci: sua teoria, incidência no Brasil, influencia no serviço social (Cortez, 1995);

SIMMONS, Beth, ‘Treaty Compliance and Violation’ [2010] Annual Review of Political Science 13, pp. 273-296.

_____________, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

_____________, ‘Compliance with International Agreements’ [1998] The Annual Review of Political Science 1, pp. 75-93.

SKIDMORE, Thomas E., The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil: 1964-85 (Oxford University Press, 1988).

_____________________, ‘Brazil’s Persistent Income Inequality: Lessons from History’ [2004] Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 133-150.

SMITH, William C., ‘The Political Transition in Brazil: from authoritarian liberalization and elite conciliation to democratization’, in Enrique A. Baloyra (ed.), Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the South Cone (Westview Press, 1987).

SOARES, L. E. Os dois corpos do presidente. In Politica econômica: implicações éticas e politicas (pp. 16-22). Grupo de Conjuntura no. 28 (maio) (IUPERJ, 1990).

SOMERS, Margaret R., Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2008).

STEINER, Henry J., ALSTON, Philip, and GOODMAN, Ryan, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (Oxford University Press 2008).

STEPAN, Alfred, ‘Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations’, in O’DONNELL, Guillermo, SCHMITTER, Philippe C., and WHITEHEAD, Laurence, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

TERTO NETO, Ulisses, Protecting Human Rights Defenders in Brazil: A Legal and Socio-Political Analysis of the Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PhD International Law Thesis, February 2016, University of Aberdeen).

__________________, A Politica Publica de Assistência Jurídica: A Defensoria Publica no Maranhão como Reivindicação do Campo Democrático Popular (Juruá Editora, 2010).

UNGAR, Mark, Elusive Reform: Democracy and the Rule of Law in Latin American (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002).

VIANA FILHO, Luís. O Governo Castelo Branco (José Olympio, 1975).

VILELA, Elaine and NEIVA, Pedro, ‘Temas e Regiões nas Politicas Externas de Lula e Fernando Henrique: Comparação do Discurso dos dois Presidentes’, [2011] Revista Brasileira de Politica International 54 (2), pp. 70-96.

UN, Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council”, A/HRC/4/37/Add.2 of 19 December 2006. The United Nations (UN) <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/> accessed 9 April 2016.

UN FACT SHEET N.º 33. Frequently asked questions on economic, social and cultural rights. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2008.

UNDP. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2011/Explanatory note on 2011 HDR composite indices. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) <http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-multidimensional-poverty-index> accessed 9 April 2016.

U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on HR Practices for 1979-1987. The Hathi Trust Digital Library <http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?seq=1&id=mdp.39015014188273&page=root&view=image&size=100&orient=0> accessed 9 April 2016.

U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on HR Practices for 1990-1992. The Online Books Page <http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=crhrp> accessed 9 April 2016.

U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on HR Practices for 1998-2010. The U.S. Department of State <http://www.state.gov> accessed 9 April 2016.

WAISELFISZ, Julio Jacobo Mapa da Violência 2012: Os Novos Padrões da Violência Homicida no Brasil (Instituto Sangari, 2011).

WEYLAND, Kurt, Democracy Without Equity, Failures of Reform in Brazil (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996).

WIEVIORKA M., ‘O novo paradigma da violência’, [1997] Tempo Social (Ver. Social. USP: São Paulo), pp. 5-41.

Publicado

08-12-2017

Cómo citar

Terto Neto, U. (2017). DO DOMÍNIO AUTORITÁRIO MILITAR PARA A DEMOCRACIA CONSTITUCIONAL: UMA VISÃO GERAL DAS POLÍTICAS DE DIREITOS HUMANOS ATRAVÉS DA REDEMOCRATIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA. Revista Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia, 22(3), 215–252. https://doi.org/10.25192/issn.1982-0496.rdfd.v22i3832